Virtual Reality Embodiment in Motor Imagery Brain–Computer Interface Training

This study investigates how the avatar embodiment in virtual reality (VR) influences training for operation of motor imagery brain–computer interfaces (MI-BCIs). In previous studies, we demonstrated possibility to induce a BCI-based VR (using mental commands instead motion tracking) purposes facilitation. paper examines relationship between BCI performance and subjective levels embodiment, as well differences achieved with two different environments. MI-BCI variants following forms feedback were studied: a) exploiting immersive (avatar movements indicating user performance), b) gamified progressively paced training, c) symbolic standard Graz protocol. On-line from experiments questionnaires on sense ownership agency toward studied. Questionnaire analysis showed that robust arose environments, strong correlation reported avatar. Interestingly, was uncorrelated both agency. Using gamification further increased (but not ownership) session. Embodiment mediated by synchrony visual stimulation under conditions than based visuo-motor synchrony. Consistency perceived plays more important role ability issue correctly. These findings help elucidate positive effect initial steps can be leveraged future designs.